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The Pavlovian session ((ロシア語:Павловская сессия)) was the joint session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences held on June 28 to July 4, 1950.〔Scientific Session on the Physiological Teachings of Academician Ivan P. Pavlov: June 28-July 4, 1950. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academy. University Press of the Pacific (July 1, 2001) ISBN 978-0-89875-472-8 (Google preview ).〕 The session was organized by the Soviet Government headed by Joseph Stalin in order to fight Western influences in Russian physiological sciences. During the session, a number of Ivan Pavlov's former students attacked another group of his students (L.A. Orbeli, P.K. Anokhin, A.D. Speransky, I.S. Beritashvili) whom they accused of deviating from Pavlov's teaching. As the result of this session, Soviet physiology self-excluded itself from the international scientific community for many years.〔Windholz G (1997) 1950 Joint Scientific Session: Pavlovians as the accusers and the accused. J Hist Behav Sci 33: 61-81.〕〔Brushlinsky A (1997) The "Pavlovian" session of the two academies. European Psychologist 2: 102-105 Special issue: 100 Years After Ivan P. Pavlov's The Work of the Digestive Glands.〕 == Preceding events == The Pavlovian session followed a sequence of Stalin's interferences in academic affairs during the post-war time: * In 1947, Georgy Aleksandrov asked Stalin to review his textbook for university students entitled "History of West European Philosophy".〔G.F. Aleksandrov, Istoria Zapadnoevropeiskoi Filosofii (Moscow, Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1946).〕 Stalin criticized the book as an attempt to analyze philosophy from a pro-Western position rather than using the principles of Marxism-Leninism.〔M. G. Iaroshevskiy "Pavlovska&ia Sessiya" 1950 g. i Sud'by Sovetskoi Fiziologii," Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki, No. 3, (1988): 129–136. See pp. 129–130.〕 * In 1948, Stalin strongly supported Lysenko's work on the inheritance of acquired characteristics in plants which has now been discredited. Lysenko's research was thought to hold the promise of strengthening the Soviet Union's agriculture. * In 1949, Stalin declared an opposition to cosmopolitism.〔V.V. Fanardzhian. L. A. Orbeli i Ob'edinennaia Sessiya Dvukh Akademii (1950 g.), Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im. I. M. Sechenova 76(12) (1990): 1816–1822.〕 Great Soviet Encyclopedia defined cosmopolitism as a "reactionary bourgeois ideology of rejecting national traditions and national sovereignty by preaching indifferent relationship to one's country and national culture and advocating the establishment of a 'world government' and 'world citizenship.' "〔B.A. Vvedenskiy, ed. Bol'shaya Sovetska&ia Entsiklopediya. 2nd ed., vol. 23, (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Nauchnoe Izdatel'stvo "Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1953). See p. 113.〕 * In 1949, Stalin commented on the issues of linguistics, in particular he criticized the view that language was a derivative of an economic base.〔J. Stalin, Marxism and Linguistics (NY: International Publishers, 1951).〕 Stalin also stated that "no science can develop and flourish without a battle of opinions, without freedom of criticism." The interference in physiology, psychology and psychiatry was initiated in the summer of 1949 when Stalin instructed the Minister of Health E.I. Smirnov to hold a session on Pavlov's teachings.〔 On 28 September 1949, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of Pavlov's birth, Yuri Zhdanov reported to Stalin about the “serious trouble” with the development of Pavlov’s teaching and put the blame on Orbeli, Beritashvili, and arrested Stern. In replying to this report, Stalin wrote: “In my opinion, the greatest harm to Academician Pavlov’s teaching was done by Academician Orbeli... The sooner Orbeli will be exposed and the more thoroughly his monopoly will be eliminated, the better. Beritov and Stern are not so dangerous because they oppose to Pavlov openly and thus facilitate the reprisal of science against these amateurs of science... Now something about the tactics of the struggle against the opponents of Academician Pavlov’s theory. At first, it is necessary to stealthily collect Academician Pavlov’s supporters, organize them, assign roles, and only after this to gather the session of physiologists... where it will be necessary to give decisive battle to the opponents. Without this, it can fail. Remember: the enemy should be firmly beaten, with reliance on complete success.” Georgy Malenkov supervised the organization of the meeting. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pavlovian session」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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